How can we store renewable energy? 4 technologies that can help
- Europe and China are leading the installation of new pumped storage capacity – fuelled by the motion of water.
- Batteries are now being built at grid-scale in countries including the US, Australia and Germany.
- Thermal energy storage is predicted to triple in size by 2030.
- Mechanical energy storage harnesses motion or gravity to store electricity.
If the sun isn’t shining or the wind isn’t blowing, how do we access power from renewable sources?
The key is to store energy produced when renewable generation capacity is high, so we can use it later when we need it.
With the world’s renewable energy capacity reaching record levels, four storage technologies are fundamental to smoothing out peaks and dips in energy demand without resorting to fossil fuels.
1. Pumped hydro
Pumped hydro involves pumping water uphill at times of low energy demand. The water is stored in a reservoir and, in periods of high demand, released through turbines to create electricity.
Hydropower – including pumped storage – is expected to remain the world’s largest source of renewable electricity generation, according to the International Energy Agency. It uses the motion of water to generate electricity and plays a "critical" role, the IEA says, in decarbonising the power system. It is also key to plugging gaps in energy demand.
More than half of new hydropower capacity additions in Europe by 2025 will be pumped storage, notably in Switzerland, Portugal and Austria, the IEA’s Renewables 2020 report says. In China, pumped storage will also account for more than half of new hydropower capacity annually between 2023 and 2025.
2. Batteries
Batteries have been around since the 1800s and convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
Advances in technology and falling prices mean grid-scale battery facilities that can store increasingly large amounts of energy are enjoying record growth. The world’s largest battery energy storage system so far is the Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility in California, US, where the first 300-megawatt lithium-ion battery – comprising 4,500 stacked battery racks – became operational in January 2021.
Other utility-scale battery energy systems are being planned in countries including Australia, Germany, Japan, the UK, Lithuania and Chile.
3. Thermal energy storage
Thermal energy storage is used particularly in buildings and industrial processes. It involves storing excess energy – typically surplus energy from renewable sources, or waste heat – to be used later for heating, cooling or power generation.
Liquids – such as water – or solid material - such as sand or rocks - can store thermal energy. Chemical reactions or changes in materials can also be used to store and release thermal energy.
Water tanks in buildings are simple examples of thermal energy storage systems.
In its 2020 Innovation Outlook: Thermal Energy Storage update, the International Renewable Energy Agency predicts the global market for thermal energy storage could triple in size by 2030, from 234 gigawatt hours (GWh) of installed capacity in 2019 to more than 800 GWh.
4. Mechanical energy storage
Mechanical energy storage harnesses motion or gravity to store electricity.
For example, a flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy that can be called up instantaneously.
“Flywheel technology has many beneficial properties that enable us to improve our current electric grid,” says the Energy Storage Association, the US national trade association for energy storage.
Other mechanical systems include compressed air energy storage, which has been used since the 1870’s to deliver on-demand energy for cities and industries. The process involves storing pressurised air or gas and then heating and expanding it in a turbine to generate power when this is needed.